Tumor lysis syndrome: current perspective.

Tumor lysis syndrome is characterized by a group of metabolic derangements caused by the massive and abrupt release of cellular components into the blood following the rapid lysis of malignant cells. It is observed most frequently in patients with hematologic malignancies such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and Burkitt’s lymphoma after the initiation of chemotherapy, although it may also occur in other malignancies, both hematologic and solid tumors. These malignancies share the characteristics of a high proliferative rate, large tumor burden, or high sensitivity to cytotoxic therapy. In some cases, tumor lysis syndrome can lead to acute renal failure and even death. The key to the management of tumor lysis syndrome includes awareness of its causes, identification of high-risk patients, implementation of appropriate prophylactic measures, vigilant monitoring of electrolyte levels in patients undergoing chemotherapy, and initiation of more active treatment measures when necessary.